Item Code: 153/cn-1
The history of Chinese currency spans more than
3000 years. Currency of some type has been used in China since the Neolithic
age which can be traced back to
between 3000 and 4500 years ago. Cowry shells are believed to have been the earliest form of
currency used in Central China,
and were used during the Neolithic period.
Around 210 BC, the first emperor of China Qin Shi Huang (260–210 BC) abolished all other forms of local currency and introduced a uniform copper coin. Paper money was invented in China in the 9th century, but the base unit of currency remained the copper coin. Copper coins were used as the chief denomination of currency in China until the introduction of the yuan in the late 19th century.
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Year
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1980
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Obverse
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Portrait of Taiwanese Citizens
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Reverse
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The
socialist coat of arms.
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Size
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115 x 52 mm
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Obverse description
Jiao
Jiao (Chinese: 角), or mao,
or Hou (Chinese: 毫) in Cantonese, is a unit of currency
used in Greater
China,
including People's Republic of China (Mainland
China), Republic
of China (Taiwan), Hong
Kong and Macao. One jiao is equal to one-tenth of a yuan or ten fēn (分).
History of Chinese
currency
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Cowry
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Around 210 BC, the first emperor of China Qin Shi Huang (260–210 BC) abolished all other forms of local currency and introduced a uniform copper coin. Paper money was invented in China in the 9th century, but the base unit of currency remained the copper coin. Copper coins were used as the chief denomination of currency in China until the introduction of the yuan in the late 19th century.
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Qin Shi Huang
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Currently, the renminbi is the official currency of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It
is the legal tender in mainland
China, but not in Hong Kong or Macau. The special
administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau use the Hong Kong dollar and
the Macanese pataca, respectively.
Ancient currencies
The use of shell money is attested to in the Chinese writing system. The traditional characters for 'goods' (貨), 'buy/sell' (買/賣),
and 'monger' (販), in addition to various other words relating to
'exchange', all contain the radical '貝', which is the pictograph for
shell (simplified in China to 贝.) However, the extent of the circulation of shell money
is unknown, and barter trade may have been common. However, copies of cowry shells made out of bone, wood,
stone, lead and copper were common enough to presume that
they were used in trade.
The Chinese may
have invented the first metal coins, coins found in Anyang (city
in china) date to
before 900 BC. At that time,
the coin itself was a mock of more earlier used cowry shells, so
it was called the Bronze shell. Bronzed
shells were found in the ruins of Yin (the site of one of the
ancient and major historical capitals of China), the old capital of the Shang
Dynasty (1500–1046 BC). Bronze became the universal currency during the succeeding Zhou Dynasty. During the Warring
States period, from the 5th century BC to 221 BC, Chinese money
was in the form of bronze objects that were of three main types. The Zhou, the Wei (魏), the Han (汉) and the Qin (秦)
all used coins shaped like a spade (bu). The Qi (齊) used money in the shape of a knife (dao). The Zhao (趙) and the Yan (燕)
used knife money before switching over to spade money roughly halfway through
the Warring States period. The Chu (楚)
used money in the forms of "ant nose" coins (yibi).
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ചിൻ ഷി ഹ്വാങ്ങ് ഡി: (ജനനം: ക്രി.മു. 259 - മരണം ക്രി.മു. 210, വ്യക്തിനാമം യിങ്ങ് ത്സെങ്ങ്), ക്രി.മു. 246 മുതൽ 221 വരെയുള്ള "പോരടിക്കുന്ന രാജ്യങ്ങളുടെ യുഗത്തിൽ” , ചൈനയിലെ ചിൻ രാജ്യത്തെ രാജാവും ക്രി.മു. 221 മുതൽ ഏകീകൃതചൈനയുടെ ആദ്യചക്രവർത്തിയുമായിരുന്നു. 210-ൽ
അൻപതാമത്തെ വയസ്സിൽ മരിക്കുന്നതുവരെ അദ്ദേഹം ഭരിച്ചു. ചിൻ ഷെ ഹ്വാങ്ങ് ഡി ചൈനയുടെ ചരിത്രത്തിലെ ഒരു വിവാദപുരുഷനാണ്. ചൈനയെ ഏകീകരിച്ച ശേഷം അദ്ദേഹവും പ്രധാന ഉപദേഷ്ടാവ് ലീ സീയും ചേർന്ന് ഒരുകൂട്ടം സാമ്പത്തിക-രാഷ്ട്രീയ പരിഷ്കാരങ്ങൾ നടപ്പാക്കി. ചൈനയിലെ പ്രഖ്യാതമായ വൻമതിലിന്റെ ആദ്യരൂപം, ആദ്യത്തെ ചിൻ ചക്രവർത്തിയുടെ ഏറെ കേൾവി കേട്ട സംസ്കാരസ്ഥാനം, അതിന് കാവലായുള്ള കളിമൺ സൈന്യം, ബൃഹത്തായ ഒരു ദേശീയവഴി സമുച്ചയം തുടങ്ങിയ വൻപദ്ധതികൾ അദ്ദേഹം നടപ്പാക്കി. ഇവയ്ക്കൊക്കെ ഏറെ ജീവൻ വിലയായി കൊടുക്കേണ്ടി വന്നു. ദേശീയസ്ഥിരത ലക്ഷ്യമാക്കി ഹ്വാങ്ങ് ഡി അനേകം പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ നിരോധിക്കുകയും അഗ്നിക്കിരയാക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു. അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ ഏകാധിപത്യത്തിന്റെ പരുഷത നിഷേധിക്കാനാവില്ലെങ്കിലും ചൈനയുടെ ചരിത്രത്തിലെ കേന്ദ്രവ്യക്തിത്വങ്ങളിലൊന്നായി ചിൻ ഷെ ഹ്വാങ്ങ് ഡി പരിഗണിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു.
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Reverse description:
People's Bank of China
The People's Bank of China (PBC or PBOC) is the central bank of the People's Republic of China with the power to carry out monetary policy and regulate financial institutions in mainland China. The People's Bank of China has more financial assets than any single public institution in the world.
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People's Bank of
China headquarters in Beijing
History: The bank was established on December 1, 1948, based on the consolidation of the Huabei Bank, the Beihai Bank and the Xibei Farmer Bank. The headquarters was first located in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, and then moved to Beijing in 1949. Between 1950 and 1978 the PBC was the only bank in the People's Republic of China and was responsible for both central banking and commercial banking operations. All other banks within Mainland China such as the Bank of China were either organized as divisions of the PBC or were non-deposit taking agencies.
In the 1980s, as part of economic reform, the commercial banking functions of the PBC were split off into four independent but state-owned banks and in 1983, the State Council promulgated that the PBC would function as the central bank of China. Mr. Chen Yuan was instrumental in modernizing the bank in the early 1990s. Its central bank status was legally confirmed on March 18, 1995 by the 3rd Plenum of the 8th National People's Congress. In 1998, the PBC underwent a major restructuring. All provincial and local branches were abolished, and the PBC opened nine regional branches, whose boundaries did not correspond to local administrative boundaries. In 2003, the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress approved an amendment law for strengthening the role of PBC in the making and implementation of monetary policy for safeguarding the overall financial stability and provision of financial services.
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People's Bank of
China headquarters in Beijing
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Management: The top management of the PBC are composed of the governor and a certain number of deputy governors. The governor of the PBC is appointed into or removed by the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee. The candidate for the governor of the PBC is nominated by the Premier of the People's Republic of China approved by the National People's Congress. When the National People's Congress is in adjournment, the Standing Committee sanctions the candidacy for the governor of the PBC. The deputy governors of the PBC are appointed to or removed from office by the Premier of the State Council.
The PBC adopts a governor responsibility system under which the governor supervises the overall work of the PBC while the deputy governors provide assistance to the governor to fulfill his or her responsibility.
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